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***SWAAG_ID***	716
Date Entered	13/04/2013
Updated on	14/04/2013
Recorded by	Stephen Eastmead
Category	Stone structure
Record Type	Archaeology
Site Access	Private
Record Date	13/04/2013
Location	Healaugh
Civil Parish	Reeth
Brit. National Grid	SE 017 990
Altitude	205M
Record Name	Beehive quern top stone.
Record Description	Beehive quernstone found several years before in a house in Healaugh. Where and when it was originally found is unknown. The quernstone is now kept in a private garden above Healaugh. The quernstone has a lop-sided asymmetrical shape similar to a horses hoof see image 10. There is a single hole for a handle which is conical in shape. The hopper is relatively large. It is made from a course millstone grit containing no crinoids or other fossils, but occasional pebbles up to 1cm. Diameter: Ovoid 300mm - 330mm. Height varies between 160mm - 190mm. Hopper and Feed pipe are both off-centre. Hopper width ovoid 140mm - 150mm. Hopper Depth 60mm. Diameter of feed pipe 23mm. Handle hole ovoid and conical 30mm - 35mm diameter and 75mm deep. approx. The handle hole does not piece the feed pipe. The feed pipe gives the impression that it was mainly drill from the top, but later drilled from the bottom to complete the feed pipe.
Dimensions	See above
Additional Notes	The technology change from Saddle to Beehive querns is thought to have occurred locally in the 4C BC. This quern is probably made locally from millstone grit similar to that found in Arkengarthdale. There is no apparent equivalent form for millstone grit top stones in D.A. Heslop's Patterns of Quern Production, Acquisition and Deposition, Yorkshire Archaeological Society Occasional Paper No. 5. Most hoppers appear to have a more conical shape to their hoppers whereas this quernstone has a more gradual 'bowl' shape. Image 12 shows the larger quern found at the Healaugh excavation 1988-90.
Image 1 ID	4363 Click image to enlarge
Image 1 Description	Drawing of a top stone of a Beehive quern found in Healaugh.
Image 2 ID	4364 Click image to enlarge
Image 2 Description	Top stone of a Beehive quern found in Healaugh.
Image 3 ID	4365 Click image to enlarge
Image 3 Description	Top stone of a Beehive quern found in Healaugh.
Image 4 ID	4366 Click image to enlarge
Image 4 Description	Top stone of a Beehive quern found in Healaugh.
Image 5 ID	4367 Click image to enlarge
Image 5 Description	Top stone of a Beehive quern found in Healaugh.
Image 6 ID	4368 Click image to enlarge
Image 6 Description	Top stone of a Beehive quern found in Healaugh.
Image 7 ID	4369 Click image to enlarge
Image 7 Description	Top stone of a Beehive quern found in Healaugh.
Image 8 ID	4370 Click image to enlarge
Image 8 Description	Top stone of a Beehive quern found in Healaugh.
Image 9 ID	4371 Click image to enlarge
Image 9 Description	Top stone of a Beehive quern found in Healaugh.
Image 10 ID	4372 Click image to enlarge
Image 10 Description	Top stone of a Beehive quern found in Healaugh.
Image 11 ID	4373 Click image to enlarge
Image 11 Description	Top stone of a Beehive quern found in Healaugh.
Image 12 ID	4374 Click image to enlarge
Image 12 Description	Quern found during the 1988-90 excavation at Healaugh.
Image 13 ID	4375 Click image to enlarge
Image 13 Description	Quernstone found on Hagg Farm Fremington
Image 14 ID	4376 Click image to enlarge
Image 14 Description	Quernstone found on Hagg Farm Fremington
Image 15 ID	4377 Click image to enlarge
Image 15 Description	Quernstone found on Hagg Farm Fremington
Image 16 ID	4378 Click image to enlarge
Image 16 Description	Quernstone found on Hagg Farm Fremington. Note shallow handle hole.
Image 17 ID	4379 Click image to enlarge
Image 17 Description	Millstone found during excavation of Site 103 in 2012 at on Hagg Farm Fremington. Site 103 is a Roman-British settlement abandoned around AD 370.